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Authors
Raggi, Daniele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4185-2475
Crupi, Emanuele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3379-2644
Pederzoli, Filippo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3873-7465
Martini, Alberto
Briganti, Alberto
Alhalabi, Omar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9658-2206
O’Donnell, Peter H.
Ross, Jeffrey
Gupta, Shilpa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-503X
Kamat, Ashish M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-9928
Faltas, Bishoy M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-1693
Black, Peter C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2919-7068
Spiess, Phillip E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-1972
Grivas, Petros https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3965-3394
Gao, Jianjun
Apolo, Andrea B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9409-1836
Huddart, Robert A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-1990
Necchi, Andrea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-2756
Galsky, Matthew D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7655-9378
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Article History
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 15 August 2025
Competing interests
: P.G. (in the past 2 years) — consulting with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma, Bicycle Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Janssen, Merck KGaA, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Strata Oncology, Replimune, Foundation Medicine, Eli Lilly, Urogen; research funding to the institution: Acrivon Therapeutics, ALX Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck KGaA, MSD, Genentech, Gilead. O.A. received scientific advisory board fees from Seagen, Adaptimmune, Bicycle Therapeutics and Silverback Therapeutics, and research funding to the institution from AstraZeneca, Ikena Oncology, Genentech, and Arcus Biosciences. P.H.O.’D. — honoraria: Adept Field Solutions, Advarra, Merck, Astellas, AbbVie, Pfizer, Custom Learning Designs, Axiom Healthcare Strategies, EMD Serono, IntrinsiQ, ISMIE, ImmunityBio, NAMCP, Seagen, Curio Science, FirstWord, Gilead, MedLearning Group, Research to Practice, Great Debates and Updates, Loxo/Lilly, MJH Life Sciences, Peerview, Vaniam Group, Institute for Enquiring Minds, Pharmavision UK, PRIME Education LLC, Amerisource Bergen, Health Advances, Parexel Intl Corp, Vida Ventures LLC; research funding: Boehringer Ingelheim (Inst), Merck (Inst), Genentech/Roche (Inst), AstraZeneca/MedImmune (Inst), Acerta Pharma (Inst), Janssen (Inst), Seagen (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst), Astellas Pharma (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Loxo/Lilly (Inst); expert testimony: Hart Wagner LLP, O’Brien and Ryan LLP; travel, accommodation, expenses: Curio Science, Astellas, SeaGen, Merck; other relationships: NIH (via Duke University), Janssen, Nektar, Dragonfly Therapeutics, G1 Therapeutics. R.A.H. — honoraria for advisory boards and speaking from MSD, Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Necktar, Janssen, Merck, Astellas, BioNtech; research funding from MSD, Elekta, Roche, Cancer Research UK. A.N. — employment: Bayer (I); stock and other ownership interests: Bayer (I); consulting or advisory role: Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Incyte, Seattle Genetics/Astellas, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Catalym, Gilead Sciences, Genenta Science, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, PeerView, PeerVoice, Merck Serono, Samsung Bioepis, Bicycle Therapeutics; research funding: Merck Sharp & Dohme (Inst), Gilead Sciences (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb/Celgene (Inst); travel, accommodation, expenses: Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Gilead Sciences. D.R. and R.A.H. acknowledge that this study represents independent research supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
