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Authors
Al-Sattar, Hasan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6830-2051
Ding, Hao
Okoli, Oluchi https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3869-7185
Okoli, Somto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2905-2889
Ghose, Aruni
Banna, Giuseppe Luigi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0764-3650
Wan, Simon
Haroon, Athar
Wong, Jonathan
Teoh, Jeremy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9361-2342
Vasdev, Nikhil
Efstathiou, Eleni
Boussios, Stergios https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-6131
Adeleke, Sola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-8754
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Article History
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Competing interests
: G.L.B. reports receiving personal fees from advisory boards for Accord, AstraZeneca, Amgen and Merck; and from speaker bureaus for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Bayer, Merck, Novartis and Pfizer. G.L.B. holds four patents with ST Microelectronics and has received travel and accommodation support for scientific conferences from Accord, Merck and Janssen. J.T. reports receiving honoraria for lectures from Astellas, Boston Scientific, Combat Medical, Ferring, Ipsen, Janssen, Olympus and Sanofi; consultancy or advisory board fees from Astellas, Aulea Medical, CMR Robotics, Combat Medical, EQT, Ferring, Illumicell AI, Janssen, MRI PRO, MedTech Syndicates, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Phase Scientific and Procept BioRobotics; and research grant support from Baxter, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ferring, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Karl Storz and Olympus. The other authors declare no competing interests.
