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Article History

Received: 25 May 2021

Accepted: 30 September 2021

First Online: 15 December 2021

Competing interests

: Y.Y.J. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, the National Cancer Institute, the US Department of Defense, Cycle for Survival, Fred’s Team, Rgenix, Bayer, Genentech/Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Eli Lilly, has served on advisory boards for Rgenix, Merck Serono, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Bayer, Imugene, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Daiichi-Sankyo, Zymeworks, SeaGen, Basilea Pharmaceutical and AstraZeneca, and has equity in Rgenix. A.K. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and received honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, or educational events from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. P.Y. has received research funding to the institution and travel support from Merck Sharp & Dohme. N.L. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme. S.L. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Amgen, Merck Serono, Bayer, Roche, Lilly, AstraZeneca, and Bristol-Myers Squib, consulting fees from Amgen, Merck Serono, Lilly, AstraZeneca, Incyte, Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Servier, and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, or educational events from Roche, Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Servier, Merck Serono, Pierre-Fabre, GSK, and Amgen. O.K. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme. O.B. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, has received honoraria for serving as a speaker from Eli Lilly, travel support from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Roche, participated as an advisor for Bristol-Myers Squibb and Roche, and has a leadership role in the Sociedad Chilena de Oncología Medica. Y.B. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme. L.S. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Beijing Xiantong Biomedical Technology, Qilu Pharmaceutical, ZaiLab Pharmaceutical (Shanghai), Jacobio Pharmaceuticals, and Beihai Kangcheng (Beijing) Medical Technology, has received consulting fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck, Mingji Biopharmaceutical, Haichuang Pharmaceutical, Harbour BioMed, and Boehringer Ingelheim, has received payment for speakers bureaus from Hutchison Whampoa, Henrui, ZaiLab, and CSTONE Pharmaceutical, and has participated on an advisory board for Rongchang Pharmaceutical, Zailab, and CSTONE Pharmaceutical. Y.T. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme. L.S.W. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme. J.X. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme. K.S. has received research funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Astellas, Lilly, Ono, Sumitomo Dainippon, Daiichi Sankyo, Taiho, Chugai, Medi Science, and Eisai, has received consulting fees from Astellas, Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Takeda, Pfizer, Ono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Taiho, Novartis, AbbVie, GlaxoSmithKline, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, and Boehringer Ingelheim, and has received honoraria for lectures from Novartis, AbbVie, and Yalkult. S.Q. has received consulting fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme for serving on an advisory board. E.V.C. has received funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Ipsen, Lilly, Merck KGaA, Novartis, Roche, and Servier and has received consulting fees from Array, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, Biocartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Halozyme, GSK, Incyte, Ipsen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck KGaA, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, Servier, Sirtex, and Taiho. J.T. has received funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, has received consulting fees from Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Avvinity, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Genentech Inc., HalioDX SAS, Hutchison MediPharma International, Ikena Oncology, IQVIA, Lilly, Menarini, Merck Serono, Merus, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati, Neophore, Novartis, Orion Biotechnology, Peptomyc, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, SeaGen, Servier, Taiho, Tessa Therapeutics, and TheraMyc, and has received payment for educational collaboration with Imedex, Medscape Education, MJH Life Sciences, PeerView Institute for Medical Education, and Physicians Education Resource (PER). L.L. receives salary for full-time employment from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. S.S. receives salary for full-time employment from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA and owns stock and/or has stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. P.B. receives salary for full-time employment from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA and owns stock and/or has stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. H.C.C. has received funding to the institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck-Serono, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Ono, Taiho, Amgen, BeiGene, Incyte, and Zymeworks, has served on advisory boards for Taiho, Celltrion, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck-Serono, Gloria, BeiGene, Amgen, and Zymeworks, and has received honoraria for lectures from Merck-Serono and Lilly. Y.Y.J, A.K., P.Y., N.L., S.L., O.K., O.B., Y.B., L.S., Y.T., L.S.W., J.X., K.S., S.Q., E.V.C., J.T., L.L., S.S., P.B., and H.C.C. received medical writing support for this manuscript (no payment) from Merck Sharp & Dohme.