Chetty, Raj http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-4647
Jackson, Matthew O. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9846-4249
Kuchler, Theresa
Stroebel, Johannes
Hendren, Nathaniel
Fluegge, Robert B.
Gong, Sara
Gonzalez, Federico
Grondin, Armelle
Jacob, Matthew http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-7330
Johnston, Drew http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-3420
Koenen, Martin
Laguna-Muggenburg, Eduardo
Mudekereza, Florian
Rutter, Tom
Thor, Nicolaj http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4920
Townsend, Wilbur
Zhang, Ruby
Bailey, Mike
Barberá, Pablo
Bhole, Monica
Wernerfelt, Nils http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8210-2830
Article History
Received: 31 August 2021
Accepted: 17 June 2022
First Online: 1 August 2022
Competing interests
: In 2018, T.K. and J.S. received an unrestricted gift from Facebook to NYU Stern. Opportunity Insights receives core funding from the Chan Zuckerberg Foundation (CZI). CZI is a separate entity from Meta, and CZI funding to Opportunity Insights was not used for this research. M.B, P.B., M.B. and N.W. are employees of Meta Platforms. T.K., J.S., S.G. and F.M. are contract affiliates through Meta’s contract with PRO Unlimited. F.G., A.G., M.J., D.J., M.K., T.R., N.T, W.T. and R.Z. are contract affiliates through Meta’s contract with Harvard University. Meta Platforms did not dispute or influence any findings or conclusions during their collaboration on this research. This work was produced under an agreement between Meta and Harvard University specifying that Harvard shall own all intellectual property rights, titles and interests (subject to the restrictions of any journal or publisher of the resulting publication(s)).