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Article History

Received: 9 September 2021

Accepted: 15 July 2022

First Online: 24 August 2022

Competing interests

: In the past two years, G.S. has served as a consultant or scientific advisory board member to Axsome Therapeutics, Biogen, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clexio, Cowen, Denovo Biopharma, ECR1, EMA Wellness, Engrail Therapeutics, Gilgamesh, Janssen, Levo, Lundbeck, Merck, Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Neurocrine, Novartis, Noven Pharmaceuticals, Perception Neuroscience, Praxis Therapeutics, Sage Pharmaceuticals, Seelos Pharmaceuticals, Vistagen Therapeutics and XW Labs; and received research contracts from Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Merck and Usona. G.S. holds equity in Biohaven Pharmaceuticals and is a co-inventor on a US patent (8,778,979) held by Yale University and a co-inventor on US provisional patent application no. 047162-7177P1 (00754), filed on 20 August 2018 by Yale University Office of Cooperative Research. Yale University has a financial relationship with Janssen Pharmaceuticals and may receive financial benefits from this relationship. The University has put multiple measures in place to mitigate this institutional conflict of interest. Questions about the details of these measures should be directed to Yale University’s Conflict of Interest office. V.H.S. has served as a scientific advisory board member to Takeda and Janssen. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.