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Article History
Received: 15 March 2021
Accepted: 22 August 2022
First Online: 28 September 2022
Competing interests
: R.A. has patents related to PD-1 pathway (8,652,465 and 9,457,080) licensed to Roche. A.H.S has patents and pending royalties from Roche and Novartis on intellectual property on the PD-1 pathway (patent 7,432,059 with royalties paid from Roche, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD-Serono, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Leica, Mayo Clinic, Dako and Novartis; patent 7,722,868 with royalties paid from Roche, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD-Serono, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Leica, Mayo Clinic, Dako and Novartis; patents 8,652,465 and 9,457,080 licensed to Roche; patents 9,683,048, 9,815,898, 9,845,356, 10,202,454 and 10,457,733 licensed to Novartis; and patents 9,580,684, 9,988,452 and 10,370,446 issued to none). G.J.F. has patents and pending royalties on the PD-1–PD-L1 pathway from Roche, Merck MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck KGaA, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Dako, Leica, Mayo Clinic and Novartis (see Supplementary Data). G.J.F. has served on advisory boards for Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Xios, Origimed, Triursus, iTeos, NextPoint, IgM, Jubilant, Trillium, GV20 and Geode. G.J.F. has equity in Nextpoint, Triursus, Xios, iTeos, IgM, GV20 and Geode. V.T., C.K. and P.U. are employed by Roche with stock options. C.K. and P.U have a patent application with Roche: WO2012107417. The other authors declare no competing interests.