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Article History
Received: 7 March 2022
Accepted: 30 January 2023
First Online: 12 April 2023
Competing interests
: C.S. acknowledges grant support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Roche-Ventana, Invitae (previously Archer Dx Inc - collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies), Ono Pharmaceutical, and Personalis. He is an AstraZeneca Advisory Board member and Chief Investigator for the AZ MeRmaiD 1 and 2 clinical trials and is also Co-Chief Investigator of the NHS Galleri trial funded by GRAIL and a paid member of GRAIL’s Scientific Advisory Board. He receives consultant fees from Achilles Therapeutics (also SAB member), Bicycle Therapeutics (also a SAB member), Genentech, Medicxi, China Innovation Centre of Roche (CICoR) formerly Roche Innovation Centre – Shanghai, Metabomed (until July 2022), and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute C.S has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Illumina, and Roche-Ventana. C.S. had stock options in Apogen Biotechnologies and GRAIL until June 2021, and currently has stock options in Epic Bioscience, Bicycle Therapeutics, and has stock options and is co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. is an inventor on a European patent application relating to assay technology to detect tumour recurrence (PCT/GB2017/053289). The patents have been licensed to commercial entities, and under their terms of employment C.S. is due a revenue share of any revenue generated from such license(s). C.S. declares patent applications for targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401), identifying patent response to ICB (PCT/EP2016/071471), determining HLA loss of heterozygosity (PCT/GB2018/052004), predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221) and identifying patients who respond to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912); US patents relating to detecting tumour mutations (PCT/US2017/028013) and methods for lung cancer detection (US20190106751A1); and both a European and US patent related to identifying indel mutation targets (PCT/GB2018/051892) and is co-inventor on a patent application to determine methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987). G.K. is a scientific co-founder of EnaraBio and a member of its scientific advisory board. G.K. has consulted for EnaraBio and Repertoire Immune Medicines. J.D. has acted as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Jubilant, Theras, BridgeBio, Vividion and Novartis and has funded research agreements with Bristol Myers Squibb, Revolution Medicines and AstraZeneca. K.S.S.E. acknowledges grant support from Bristol Myers Squibb. K.L. has a patent on indel burden and CPI response pending and has speaker fees from Roche tissue diagnostics, research funding from the CRUK TDL/Ono/LifeArc alliance and Genesis Therapeutics, and consulting roles with Monopteros Therapeutics and Kynos Therapeutics. J. Attig is currently an employee of and owns shares in Hoffmann-La Roche. S.V. is a co-inventor on a patent for detecting molecules in a sample (US patent 10578620). S.d.C.T. has acted as a consultant for Revolution Medicines. C.T.H. has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca. D.A.M. reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Takeda and consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Thermo Fisher, Takeda, Amgen, Janssen, MIM Software, Bristol Myers Squibb and Eli Lilly and has received educational support from Takeda and Amgen. R.S. reports non-financial support from Merck and Bristol Myers Squibb, research support from Merck, Puma Biotechnology and Roche, and personal fees from Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb and Exact Sciences for advisory boards. A.M.F. is a co-inventor on a patent application to determine methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987). M.A.B. has consulted for Achilles Therapeutics. G.A.W. is employed by and has stock options in Achilles Therapeutics. N.J.B. is a co-inventor on a patent to identify responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912), has a patent application (PCT/GB2020/050221) on methods for cancer prognostication and is a co-inventor on a patent for methods for predicting anti-cancer response (US14/466,208). A.H. has received fees for being a member of the independent data monitoring committees for Roche-sponsored clinical trials and academic projects coordinated by Roche. N. McGranahan has received consultancy fees and has stock options in Achilles Therapeutics. N. McGranahan holds European patents relating to targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/ 059401), identifying patient response to ICB (PCT/ EP2016/071471), determining HLA loss of heterozygosity (PCT/GB2018/052004) and predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221). M.J.-H. has consulted for, and is a member of, the Achilles Therapeutics scientific advisory board and steering committee, has received speaker honoraria from Pfizer, Astex Pharmaceuticals and Oslo Cancer Cluster, and is a co-inventor on European patent application PCT/US2017/028013 relating to methods for lung cancer detection. This patent has been licensed to commercial entities, and under terms of employment M.J.-H. is due a share of any revenue generated from such license(s). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.