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Article History
Received: 7 November 2022
Accepted: 1 February 2024
First Online: 6 March 2024
Competing interests
: During the course of the project P.S. became a full-time employee of GlaxoSmithKline. V.S. has received an honorarium from Sanofi for consulting. V.S. also has an ongoing research collaboration with Bayer (outside the present study). A.M. is an employee of Genentech and a holder of Roche stock. N.v.Z. is currently employed by AstraZeneca PLC and is a shareholder in AstraZeneca. R.L.-G. is a part-time contractor of Metabolon Inc. During the course of the project J.Z. became a full-time employee of Novartis. A.I.d.H. is currently an employee of AbbVie. C.M. is funded by the Chronic Disease Research Foundation (CDRF). T.D.S. is co-founder and shareholder of ZOE Ltd. M.I.M. is an employee of Genentech and a holder of Roche stock. J.D. serves on scientific advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Novartis and UK Biobank, and has received multiple grants from academic, charitable and industry sources outside of the submitted work. A.S.B. reports institutional grants outside of this work from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biogen, BioMarin, Bioverativ, Novartis, Regeneron and Sanofi. The other authors declare no competing interests.