Zhou, Lexin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1161-4270
Schellaert, Wout https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-4747
Martínez-Plumed, Fernando https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-6477
Moros-Daval, Yael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5442-2055
Ferri, Cèsar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-1120
Hernández-Orallo, José https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-7632
Article History
Received: 2 June 2023
Accepted: 8 August 2024
First Online: 25 September 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. Some authors received economic compensation for red teaming some of the models that appear in this study, as well as for red teaming other models created by the same companies.