Zhou, Lexin http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1161-4270
Schellaert, Wout http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-4747
Martínez-Plumed, Fernando http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-6477
Moros-Daval, Yael http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5442-2055
Ferri, Cèsar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-1120
Hernández-Orallo, José http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-7632
Article History
Received: 2 June 2023
Accepted: 8 August 2024
First Online: 25 September 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. Some authors received economic compensation for red teaming some of the models that appear in this study, as well as for red teaming other models created by the same companies.