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Article History

Received: 16 December 2022

Accepted: 2 January 2025

First Online: 19 February 2025

Competing interests

: M.A.B. has consulted for Achilles Therapeutics. J.L.R. reports speaker fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and GlaxoSmithKline and consults for Achilles Therapeutics Ltd. J.L.R. and has filed patents for cancer early detection (PCT/EP2023/076521 and PCT/EP2023/076511) using systemic TCR-seq data, on which S.G. is a co-inventor. A.T.G. and P.K. are former or current employees of Invitae or ArcherDx and report stock ownership. D.A.M. reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Takeda; consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Takeda, Amgen, Janssen, MIM Software, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS) and Eli Lilly; and has received educational support from Takeda and Amgen. C.A. has received speaking honoraria or expenses from Novartis, Roche, AstraZeneca and BMS; has patents issued to detect tumour recurrence (PCT/GB2017/053289) and for methods for lung cancer detection (PCT/US2017/028013) and is co-inventor to a patent application to determine methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987); and is a current employee of AstraZeneca. C.T.H. has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca. K.L. has a patent on indel burden and CPI response pending and outside of the submitted work, speaker fees from Roche tissue diagnostics, research funding from CRUK TDL/Ono/LifeArc alliance and Genesis Therapeutics, and consulting roles with Monopteros Therapeutics and Kynos Therapeutics, all outside of the submitted work. M.D.F. acknowledges grant support from CRUK, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD and Merck; is an advisory board member for Transgene; and has consulted for Achilles, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boxer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, EQRx, Guardant Health, Immutep, Ixogen, Janssen, Merck, MSD, Nanobiotix, Novartis, Oxford VacMedix, Pharmamar, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda and UltraHuman. T.A. reports employment and stock options with Ellipses Pharma, and is an advisory board member for Engitix, iOnctura, Labgenius and Further Group. S.R.H. is the co-inventor of the patents WO2015185067 and WO2015188839 for the barcoded MHC technology which is licenced to Immudex and co-inventor of the licensed patent for Combinatorial encoding of MHC multimers (EP2088/009356), licensee: Sanquin, NL. S.A.Q. is a co-founder, stockholder and Chief Scientific Officer of Achilles Therapeutics. S.V. is a co-inventor to a patent of methods for detecting molecules in a sample (patent no. 10,578,620). N.M. has stock options in and has consulted for Achilles Therapeutics and holds a European patent in determining HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004), and is a co-inventor to a patent to identifying responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912). C.S. acknowledges grant support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Roche-Ventana, Invitae (previously ArcherDx Inc.—collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies) and Ono Pharmaceutical. He is an AstraZeneca Advisory Board member and Chief Investigator for the AZ MeRmaiD 1 and 2 clinical trials and is also Co-Chief Investigator of the NHS Galleri trial funded by GRAIL and a paid member of GRAIL’s Scientific Advisory Board. He receives consultant fees from Achilles Therapeutics (also SAB member), Bicycle Therapeutics (also a SAB member), Genentech, Medicxi, Roche Innovation Centre–Shanghai, Metabomed (until July 2022) and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute; had stock options in Apogen Biotechnologies and GRAIL until June 2021 and at present has stock options in Epic Bioscience and Bicycle Therapeutics, and has stock options and is co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. holds patents relating to assay technology to detect tumour recurrence (PCT/GB2017/053289), targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401), identifying patent response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471), determining HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004), predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221), identifying patients who respond to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912), US patent relating to detecting tumour mutations (PCT/US2017/28013), methods for lung cancer detection (US20190106751A1) and both a European and US patent related to identifying insertion/deletion mutation targets (PCT/GB2018/051892), and is co-inventor to a patent application to determine methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987).