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Article History
Received: 23 June 2023
Accepted: 11 March 2025
First Online: 30 April 2025
Competing interests
: C. Koch and G.T. are a board members and have a financial interest in Intrinsic Powers, a company developing a clinical device for assessing the presence and absence of consciousness in patients. C. Koch is the Chief Scientist of the Tiny Blue Dot Foundation in Santa Monica, CA. G.T. holds a patent for a method of assessing anaesthetization (patent no.: US 8,457,731 B2). S.Dehaene is a co-inventor on patent 2019 EP 2983586 (‘Methods to monitor consciousness’); and is an associate at NeuroMeters, a company that applies these methods in clinical practice. None of these affiliations impose restrictions on publication or present conflicts of interest related to this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.