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Article History

Received: 16 January 2023

Accepted: 5 June 2025

First Online: 14 July 2025

Competing interests

: S. Koyama receives research funding from Otsuka Pharmaceutical and Chugai Pharmaceutical outside this study and receives honoraria from MSD and Chugai Pharmaceutical. K.I. receives honoraria from MSD and Chugai Pharmaceutical. M.N. receives honoraria (lecture fees) from MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS). A.K. receives personal fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, Lilly, Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, BMS, Merck Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma and AstraZeneca outside this study. K.W. serves as a board member and a founder of ARC Therapies outside of this study. T.D. receives personal fees for advisory roles from Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, AbbVie, Bayer, Rakuten Medical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, KAKEN Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, SHIONOGI, PRA Health Science, A2 Health Care, Noile-Immune Biotech, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Amgen, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen Pharmaceutical and Astellas Pharmaceutical; receives honoraria (lecture fees) from BMS, Rakuten Medical, Ono Pharmaceutical, Daiichi-Sankyo and AstraZeneca; and receives research funding from Lilly, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Merck Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, BMS, AbbVie, Eisai, IQVIA, Chugai Pharmaceutical and SHIONOGI outside this study. K.S. reports receiving personal fees for consulting and advisory roles from BMS, Takeda, Ono Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Pharmaceutical, Astellas, Guardant Health Japan, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Zymeworks Biopharmaceuticals, ALX Oncology and Bayer; receiving honoraria from BMS, Ono Pharmaceutical, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Astellas and AstraZeneca; and receiving research funding (all to the institution) from Astellas, Ono Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Chugai, Merck Pharmaceutical, Amgen, Eisai, PRA Health Sciences and Syneos Health, outside the submitted work. H.M. receives research grants from Ono Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, PFDeNA, Konica-Minolta and Ambry Genetics and serves as a board member of CureGene outside this study. H.N. receives research funding and honoraria (lecture fees) from Ono Pharmaceutical, BMS, Chugai Pharmaceutical, BD Japan and MSD; receives honoraria (lecture fees) from Amgen; receives research funding from Taiho Pharmaceutical, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kyowa Kirin, Zenyaku Kogyo, Oncolys BioPharma, Debiopharma, Asahi-Kasei, Sysmex, Fujifilm, SRL, Astellas Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, ARC Therapies and RIKAKEN Holdings; and serves as a scientific advisor and a founder of ARC Therapies and a scientific advisor of LTZ Therapeutics outside this study. S.F., Y.B. and H.N. are the primary inventors on pending patents 2020-165470 belonging to RIKEN and the National Cancer Center Japan. The other authors declare no competing interests.