Liao, Hongguang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0169-4046
Hu, Sheng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2964-1816
Yang, Hu
Wang, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6145-395X
Tanaka, Shinya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6470-3301
Takigawa, Ichigaku https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-995X
Li, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-5161
Fan, Hailong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4900-1421
Gong, Jian Ping https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-2750
Article History
Received: 20 November 2024
Accepted: 11 June 2025
First Online: 6 August 2025
Competing interests
: H.L., S.H., I.T., W.L., H.F. and J.P.G. are inventors of a patent application (2024-134812) titled ‘Random copolymers and adhesives’ submitted by Hokkaido University, which covers the composition of underwater adhesive materials in this study.