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Authors
Schafer, Benjamin C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-8068
Kim, Jong-hyoung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1320-0840
Sharipov, Felix
Hwang, Gyeong-Seok https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1342-9311
Vlassak, Joost J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-6288
Keith, David W.
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Article History
Received: 27 October 2024
Accepted: 12 June 2025
First Online: 13 August 2025
Competing interests
: B.C.S. is a co-founder of Rarefied Technologies; none of the other authors are affiliated. One WPO patent application and one US patent application, both on designs of the photophoretically levitating devices in this work, have been filed by Harvard University (inventors: B.C.S., J.-h.K., J.J.V. and D.W.K.) and licensed by Rarefied Technologies. Rarefied Technologies has licensed both patent applications from Harvard University. One WPO patent application, on photophoretically levitating devices unrelated to this work, has been filed by Rarefied Technologies (inventor B.C.S.). The other authors declare no competing interests.
