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Zhao, Eric Tianjiao
Wei, Shiyuan
Park, Jaeho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7157-4800
Abramson, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4876-9751
Bishop, Estelle Spear
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Chen, Chih-Hsin
Emengo, Pamela
Xu, Chengyi
Hamnett, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9118-1585
Root, Samuel E.
Yuan, Lei
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Zaluska, Tomasz
Lee, Yeongjun
Parkatzidis, Kostas
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Chakhtoura, Dorine
Kim, Kyun Kyu
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Nishio, Yuya
Zhao, Chuanzhen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-1231
Wu, Can https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-4783
Jiang, Yuanwen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-2639
Zhang, Anqi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-8095
Li, Jinxing
Wang, Weichen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7891-4089
Salimi-Jazi, Fereshteh
Rafeeqi, Talha A.
Hemed, Nofar Mintz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8312-5989
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Qian, Xiang
Chen, Xiaoke https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9032-9093
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Article History
Received: 23 February 2024
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 17 September 2025
Competing interests
: Stanford University has filed a patent application related to this technology that lists M.K. and Z.B. as inventors. The patent application number is 63/528846. A.A. is a co-inventor on a patent application describing ingestible devices for electrical stimulation. A full list of A.A.’s competing interests can be found at .