Li, Xia
Lin, Feng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-9208
Cui, Qiqi
Sun, Shiyu
Li, Shixin
Wang, Yue https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-4237
Wang, Yiting
Bai, Jianbo
Liu, Shiyi
Guo, Jia
Han, Yizhao
Zhang, Meiru
Chang, Tie
Zheng, Yifan
Liu, Jianlin
Liu, Longqi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-5542
Wang, Leyun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4448-0141
Fu, Jianping https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9629-6739
Liu, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3256-2940
Bai, Bing https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2504-4809
Shao, Yue https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-3551
Article History
Received: 11 January 2024
Accepted: 8 August 2025
First Online: 10 September 2025
Competing interests
: Y.S. and X. Li have filed a patent to China National Intellectual Property Administration (patent no. 202510513891.9) based on the gastroid generation method developed in this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.