Zhou, Hengyun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2148-8856
Zhao, Chen https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4386-1334
Cain, Madelyn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-3112
Bluvstein, Dolev https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9934-9530
Maskara, Nishad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5775-9542
Duckering, Casey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4656-9644
Hu, Hong-Ye
Wang, Sheng-Tao
Kubica, Aleksander https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-8190
Lukin, Mikhail D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-1007
Article History
Received: 14 June 2024
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 24 September 2025
Competing interests
: M.D.L. is a co-founder and shareholder, and H.Z., C.Z., C.D. and S.-T.W. are employees of QuEra Computing. US patent application PCT/US25/22108 (filed on 28 March 2025 and naming H.Z., M.C., C.Z., D.B., M.D.L. and C.D. as co-inventors) contains technical aspects of this paper.