Wang, Fengxiang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-3466
Sun, Cuiji https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8446-3849
Wu, Tianshu William https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5359-6221
Fu, Yuting
Fan, Yujing
Zhao, Shuchang
Huang, Kaiyin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9991-0404
Pan, Zijian
Lu, Yang
Han, Jingrong Regina
Jia, Shikai
Zeng, Lizhou
Zhang, Sheng
Chen, Ting
An, Shaowei
Meng, Shuang Susie
Guo, Xun
Li, Weizhe
Lian, Heyuan
Sun, Xiaoting
Hu, Jin
Yang, Chuanzhen
Feng, Shan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6474-4429
Li, Pengfei
Du, Liyuan
Liu, Xiaodong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-3406
Piatkevich, Kiryl D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-9468
Zou, Yilong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8198-6067
Article History
Received: 7 March 2024
Accepted: 9 October 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Competing interests
: K.D.P. is the co-founder of a company that pursues commercial applications of expansion microscopy and is listed as an inventor on several patent applications concerning the development of new expansion microscopy methods. X.L. is a co-founder of iCamuno Biotherapeutics. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests related to this study. Y.Z., K.D.P., F.W., C.S., T.W.W. and H.L. are named as inventors on a pending patent application for the iPEX technology (PCT/CN2025/119421).