Pich, Oriol https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1956-1882
Ward, Sophia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6777-5279
Rowan, Andrew
Naceur-Lombardelli, Cristina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-0307
Shutkever, Oliver
Martinez-Ruiz, Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4817-0565
Harries, Siân
Hessey, Sonya
Naidu, Babu
Brenton, James D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-6683
Le Quesne, John https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-7446
Thomas, Anne
Richards, Cathy
Krebs, Matthew G.
Turajlic, Samra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8846-136X
Jogai, Sanjay
Zaccaria, Simone
Moore, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6296-1312
Hiley, Crispin T.
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Le Quesne, John
Shiu, Kai-Keen
Bridgewater, John
Hochhauser, Daniel
Forster, Martin
Lee, Siow Ming
Ahmad, Tanya
Papadatos-Pastos, Dionysis
Janes, Sam
Van Loo, Peter
Enfield, Katey
Huebner, Ariana
Quezada, Sergio
Beck, Stephan
Enver, Tariq
Pearce, David R.
Falzon, Mary
Sinclair, Ron
Rhodes, Zoe
Marafioti, Teresa
Mitchison, Miriam
Linch, Mark
Brandner, Sebastian
Veeriah, Selvaraju
Shaw, Heather
Attard, Gerhardt
Gishen, Faye
Al-Bakir, Maise
Kanu, Nnenna
Gimeno-Valiente, Francisco
Lim, Emilia L.
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Colliver, Emma
Angelova, Mihaela
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Salgado, Roberto
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Karasaki, Takahiro
Bunkum, Abigail
Benafif, Sarah
Barbè, Vittorio
Bola, Supreet Kaur
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Wingate, Anna
Wetterskog, Daniel
Hasan, A. M. Mahedi
Lise, Stefano
Leone, Gianmarco
Jayaram, Anuradha
Alifrangis, Constantine
McGovern, Ursula
Thol, Kerstin
Gamble, Samuel
Ung, Seng Kuong
Pawlik, Piotr
Vendramin, Roberto
Rane, Jayant
Dwornik, Angela
Bowles, Kerry
Kittel, Jeanette
Haase, Kerstin
Zaidi, Rija
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Chamberlain, Christopher Aled
Robinson, Welles
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Mosquera, Nataly Ojeda
Liu, Jiali
O’Farrell, Felix
Marcel, Chenelle
Larkin, James
Pickering, Lisa
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Drake, Will
Edmonds, Kim
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Mangwende, Mary
Grostate, Lauren
Spain, Lavinia
Shepherd, Scott
Yan, Haixi
Shum, Benjamin
Tippu, Zayd
Hanley, Brian
Spencer, Charlotte
Emmerich, Max
Gerard, Camille
Carlyle, Eleanor
Hazell, Steve
Mudhar, Hardeep
Messiou, Christina
Latifoltojar, Arash
Fendler, Annika
Byrne, Fiona
Pallikonda, Husayn
Lobon, Irene
Coulton, Alexander
Cattin, Anne-Laure
Deng, Daqi
Feng, Hugang
Yousaf, Nadia
Popat, Sanjay
Milner-Watts, Charlotte
Nye, Emma
Murra, Aida
Korteweg, Justine
Terry, Lauren
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Peat, Kema
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Javaid, Anadil
Thomas, Jennifer
Kudic, Bakir
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Ramesh, Dharmista
Saka, Oznur
Arslan, Sinem
Marandino, Laura
Ammar, Reina
Kapur, Gurneet
Kabir, Dilruba
McMahon, David
John, Alexius
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Josephs, Debra
Irshad, Sheeba
Spicer, James
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Stewart, Ruby
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Enting, Deborah
Rudman, Sarah
Ghosh, Sharmistha
Karapanagiotou, Eleni
Pintus, Elias
Tutt, Andrew
Thompson, Nicola
Fitzgerald, Rebecca
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Allinson, Kieren
Stewart, Grant D.
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Campbell, Peter
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Fraser, Sioban
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Jamal-Hanjani, Mariam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1212-1259
McGranahan, Nicholas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9537-4045
Article History
Received: 12 September 2024
Accepted: 21 October 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Competing interests
: M.G.K. has undertaken advisory boards or consultancy for Astellas, Bayer, Guardant Health, Janssen, Roche and Seattle Genetics; is a scientific advisory board (SAB) member for Zai Lab; has received travel expenses from BMS, Janssen, Roche and Zai lab; has received research funding from Novartis and Roche; and has received speaker fees from BMS, Eisai, Janssen and Roche. D.M. reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, BMS and Takeda, consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Thermo Fisher, Takeda, Amgen, Janssen, MIM Software, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly, and has received educational support from Takeda and Amgen. C.S. acknowledges grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Roche-Ventana, Invitae (previously Archer Dx Inc. collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies), Ono Pharmaceutical and Personalis. C.S. is chief investigator for the AZ MeRmaiD 1 and 2 clinical trials and is the Steering Committee Chair; and co-chief investigator of the NHS Galleri trial funded by GRAIL and a paid member of GRAIL’s SAB. C.S. receives consultant fees from Achilles Therapeutics (and is a SAB member), Bicycle Therapeutics (and is a SAB member), Genentech, Medicxi, China Innovation Centre of Roche (CICoR) formerly Roche Innovation Centre–Shanghai, Metabomed (until July 2022), Relay Therapeutics (and is a SAB member), Saga Diagnostics (and is a SAB member) and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute. C.S. has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Illumina, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche-Ventana. C.S. has previously held stock options in Apogen Biotechnologies and GRAIL, and currently has stock options in Epic Bioscience, Bicycle Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, and has stock options and is co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. declares a patent application for methods in lung cancer (PCT/US2017/028013); targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401); identifying patent response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471); methods for lung cancer detection (US20190106751A1); identifying patients who respond to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912); determining HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004); predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221), and methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987). C.S. is an inventor on a European patent application (PCT/GB2017/053289) relating to assay technology to detect tumour recurrence. This patent has been licensed to a commercial entity under their terms of employment C.S. is due a revenue share of any revenue generated from such license(s). M.J.-H. has received funding from CRUK, NIH National Cancer Institute, IASLC International Lung Cancer Foundation, Lung Cancer Research Foundation, Rosetrees Trust, UKI NETs and NIHR. M.J.-H. has consulted for Astex Pharmaceutical and Achilles Therapeutics, and is a member of the Achilles Therapeutics SAB and steering committee, has received speaker honoraria from Pfizer, Astex Pharmaceuticals, Oslo Cancer Cluster, Bristol Myers Squibb and Genentech. M.J.-H. is listed as a co-inventor on a European patent application relating to methods to detect lung cancer PCT/US2017/028013—this patent has been licensed to commercial entities and, under terms of employment, M.J.-H. is due a share of any revenue generated from such license(s), and is also listed as a co-inventor on the GB priority patent application (GB2400424.4) with title: Treatment and Prevention of Lung Cancer. N.M. holds patents related to determining HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004), determination of B cell fraction in mixed samples (PCT/EP2024/062999), determination of lymphocyte abundance in mixed samples (PCT/EP2022/070694), identifying responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912), targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401), identifying patient response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471), and predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221), and has a patent pending in determining HLA disruption (PCT/EP2023/059039). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.