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Article History
Received: 5 December 2024
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Competing interests
: J.W.S. is a member of the scientific advisory board of Sensorium Therapeutics (with stock options) and has received grant support from Biogen. K.G.J. is a consultant for Allia Health. A.D.B. has received a speaker fee from Lundbeck. In the past year, S.V.F. received income, potential income, travel expenses continuing education support and/or research support from Aardvark, Aardwolf, AIMH, Akili, Atentiv, Axsome, Genomind, Ironshore, Johnson & Johnson/Kenvue, Kanjo, KemPharm/Corium, Noven, Otsuka, Sky Therapeutics, Sandoz, Supernus, Tris and Vallon. With his institution, S.V.F. has US patent US20130217707 A1 for the use of sodium-hydrogen exchange inhibitors in the treatment of ADHD. S.V.F. also receives royalties from books published by Guilford Press ( Straight Talk about Your Child’s Mental Health ), Oxford University Press ( Schizophrenia: The Facts ) and Elsevier ( ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions ) and is program director of and . The other authors declare no competing interests.