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Article History
Received: 16 May 2024
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Competing interests
: L.B.A. is a co-founder, CSO, scientific advisory member and consultant for io9, has equity and receives income. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. L.B.A. is also a compensated member of the scientific advisory board of Inocras. L.B.A.’s spouse is an employee of Biotheranostics. L.B.A. declares US provisional applications filed with UCSD with serial numbers: 63/269,033, 63/366,392, 63/289,601, 63/483,237, 63/412,835 and 63/492,348. L.B.A. is also listed as an inventor of a US patent 10,776,718 for source identification by non-negative matrix factorization. S.-R.Y. has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Amgen, AbbVie and Sanofi; and received speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Medscape, PRIME Education and Medical Learning Institute. The other authors declare no competing interests.