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Authors
Li, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5446-894X
Li, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-2378
Cao, Jing
Shang, ShenShen https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1569-3707
Zhang, Liansheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6444-6421
Gao, Fei
Fu, Jiqiang
Chen, Hongyu
Cui, Guizhong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6394-2773
Wu, Haoyuan
Wang, Xiaolong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-1344
Martinez-Arias, Alfonso https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-564X
Sun, Qiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3359-9465
Liu, Zhen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8619-8307
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2024
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Competing interests
: A.M.-A. is an inventor on two patents on human polarized three-dimensional cellular aggregates (patent applicant: Alfonso Martinez-Arias; name of inventor(s): Alfonso Martinez-Arias, Naomi Moris; application number: PCT/GB2019/052670; status of application: pending) and polarized three-dimensional cellular aggregates (patent applicant: Alfonso Martinez-Arias; name of inventor(s): Alfonso Martinez-Arias, Naomi Moris; application number: PCT/GB2019/052668; status of application: abandoned). The other authors declare no competing interests.
