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Authors
Cheng, Hongcheng
Su, Yapeng
Pan, Xiaoli
Xu, Yue
Xie, Ermei
Du, Jing
Chen, Daniel G.
Dai, Xiaomeng
Gottardo, Raphael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-0232
Greenberg, Philip D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-647X
Li, Guideng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-7262
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Competing interests
: P.D.G. is a founder of and has received funding from Juno Therapeutics; is a founder and scientific advisory board member of, has equity in and has received research support from Affini-T Therapeutics; is an scientific advisory board member of and has equity in Immunoscape, Elpiscience, Earli, Metagenomi, Nextech and Catalio; and has received research support from Lonza. R.G. has received consulting income from Takeda, Sanofi and declares ownership in Ozette Technologies and stock options in Modulus Therapeutics. G.L., H.C. and X.P. have a pending patent application filed related to this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.
