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Article History
Received: 2 March 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Competing interests
: M.J.P. serves on a DSMB for American Gene Technologies. S.G.D. reports consulting fees from AbbVie, GSK, Hookipa, American Gene Technologies and Immunocore; owns Tendel stock; and receives research support from Gilead. M.H.S. is founder and shareholder of Pro Biosciences and Teiko.bio; has been a paid consultant for Five Prime, Ono, January, Earli, Astellas and Indaptus Therapeutics; and reports research funding from Roche/Genentech, Pfizer, Valitor and Bristol Myers Squibb. M.C. served on a Gilead scientific advisory board. M.C.N. has a patent to the bNAbs 10-1074 and 3BNC117 issued (Gilead); is on the scientific advisory board of Celldex and reports personal fees from Gilead and Frontier Biosciences. B.K.F., G.N.P. and J.I.M. are listed as inventors on US-Government-owned patents related to the CE DNA vaccine. M.K. has received funding to her institution from Gilead Sciences and Intercept Pharmaceuticals and serves as a scientific consultant for Gilead Sciences, GSK pharmaceuticals and Resolution Therapeutics. J.D.R. and C.J.P. are employees of Labcorp-Monogram Biosciences and shareholders of Labcorp. D.S. and E.V. are employees of and hold stock in Gilead Sciences.