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Authors
Haas, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2330-1132
Bridgers, Sophie
Manzini, Arianna
Henke, Benjamin
May, Joshua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8604-479X
Levine, Sydney
Weidinger, Laura
Shanahan, Murray
Lum, Kristian
Gabriel, Iason https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7552-4576
Isaac, William
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Article History
Received: 22 May 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 18 February 2026
Competing interests
: J.H., S.B., A.M., M.S., L.W., K.L., I.G. and W.I. are employees of Google, a developer and provider of LLM technology, and shareholders in Alphabet, Google’s parent company. S.L. is an employee of Google, a developer and provider of LLM technology. B.H. and J.M. do not have any conflicts of interest.
