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Article History
Received: 30 January 2024
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: S.M.T., R.R.D., and M.V.P. are co-inventors on intellectual property relating to methods that promote epidermal rete ridge formation and regeneration in skin. Washington State University and The Regents of the University of California will file a patent application covering aspects of this work; an application identifier was not available at the time of manuscript approval. The other authors declare no competing interests.