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Authors
Thomas, Audrey K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3473-5289
Peritore-Galve, F. Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-2285
Ehni, Alyssa G. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9164-2923
Lança, Bruno B. C.
Coggin, Jonathan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5890-1894
Brady, Eric J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2717-5532
Yoder, Sandra M.
Shrem, Rebecca
Rodríguez, Rubén Cano
Kroh, Heather K.
Gibson-Corley, Katherine N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1846-1580
Kay Washington, M.
Olivares-Villagómez, Danyvid
Creech, C. Buddy
Nicholson, Maribeth R.
Spiller, Benjamin W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5397-1028
Lacy, D. Borden https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-8121
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Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Competing interests
: A.K.T. and D.B.L. are listed as inventors on a patent application filed by Vanderbilt University Medical Center containing data published in this manuscript and covering multiple C. difficile vaccines and immunogens (US patent application 18/671,007). D.B.L. has research collaborations with AstraZeneca and Pfizer that are unrelated to this work and serves as a consultant to GSK. B.W.S. is a co-founder and owner at Turkey Creek Biotechnology, which was not involved in this work. C.B.C. receives grant support from Moderna, Pfizer, and Vedanta; serves as a consultant to GSK, Merck, CommenseBio, TDCowen, Guidepoint Global, AstraZeneca and Delbiopharm; and serves on the data and safety monitoring boards for studies sponsored by GSK and Bavarian Nordic—each unrelated to this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.
