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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Competing interests
: M.D.L. is a co-founder, shareholder and chief scientist of QuEra Computing. B.M. is the director of photonics technologies at IonQ. D.R. is a senior research science manager of IonQ. J.B. is a senior staff research scientist of IonQ. M.D.L. has no current financial or personal relationships with IonQ. M.D.L. previously provided consulting services to LightSynq, which was acquired by IonQ in May 2025. This past relationship did not influence the research reported in this paper.