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Authors
Blankemeier, Louis
Kumar, Ashwin https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9859-4275
Cohen, Joseph Paul
Liu, Jiaming
Liu, Longchao https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0257-9628
Van Veen, Dave
Gardezi, Syed Jamal Safdar
Yu, Hongkun
Paschali, Magdalini https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-3137
Chen, Zhihong https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5756-9824
Delbrouck, Jean-Benoit
Reis, Eduardo
Holland, Robbie
Truyts, Cesar
Bluethgen, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7321-5676
Wu, Yufu
Lian, Long https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-189X
Jensen, Malte Engmann Kjeldskov
Ostmeier, Sophie
Varma, Maya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0693-7753
Valanarasu, Jeya Maria Jose
Fang, Zhongnan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3463-7766
Huo, Zepeng
Nabulsi, Zaid
Ardila, Diego
Weng, Wei-Hung https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2232-0390
Junior, Edson Amaro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-1382
Ahuja, Neera
Fries, Jason
Shah, Nigam H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-7158
Zaharchuk, Greg
Willis, Marc
Yala, Adam
Johnston, Andrew
Boutin, Robert D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7887-9658
Wentland, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-8218
Langlotz, Curtis P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8051
Hom, Jason
Gatidis, Sergios
Chaudhari, Akshay S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-6796
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Article History
Received: 7 June 2024
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Competing interests
: L.B. has received consulting compensation from Google, is a co-founder and employee of Cognita Imaging and is an equity owner of Radiology Partners. All work performed by L.B. was during their time at Stanford University. J.P.C. is employed by Amazon, and the current work is unaffiliated with their role at Amazon. Z.C. is a co-founder and employee of Cognita Imaging and has equity interest in Radiology Partners. All work performed by Z.C. was during their time at Stanford University. Z.N., W.-H.W. and D.A. are employed by Google, and the current work is unaffiliated with their role at Google. N.H.S. is a co-founder of Prealize Health (a predictive analytics company) and Atropos Health (an on-demand evidence generation company), receives funding from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for developing virtual model deployments, and serves on the Board of the Coalition for Healthcare AI (CHAI), a consensus-building organization providing guidelines for the responsible use of artificial intelligence in healthcare. C.P.L. has the following personal financial interests: on the board of directors and is a shareholder of Bunkerhill Health (31 March 2019); advisor to Cognita Imaging (1 November 2024); shareholder of Radiology Partners (5 November 2025); option holder of Whiterabbit.ai (1 October 2017); advisor and option holder of GalileoCDS (1 May 2019); advisor and option holder of Sirona Medical (6 July 2020); advisor and option holder of Adra (17 September 2020); advisor and option holder of Kheiron (21 October 2021); paid consultant of Sixth Street (7 February 2022); and paid consultant of Gilmartin Capital (18 July 2022). They have also received the following grants and gift support paid to their institution: BunkerHill Health, Carestream, CARPL, Clairity, GE Healthcare, Google Cloud, IBM, Kheiron, Lambda, Lunit, Microsoft, Nightingale Open Science, Philips, Siemens Healthineers, Stability.ai, Subtle Medical, VinBrain, Visiana, Whiterabbit.ai. and Jason Hom. They also receive research support from the National Institutes of Health (3U01NS134358-05S1) and from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. J.H. previously provided consulting services to MORE Health, is an advisor and option holder for Cognita Imaging and Radiology Partners. A.S.C., unrelated to this work, is a co-founder and receives salary support from Cognita Imaging, has equity interest in Radiology Partners, Subtle Medical, Brain Key and LVIS Corp., and has provided consulting services to Patient Square Capital, Elucid Bioimaging, and Chondrometrics. All their work was performed as a part of Stanford University. All other authors declare no competing interests.
