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Authors
Bernatz, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7758-8100
Prudente, Vasco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-1259
Pai, Suraj
Attermann, Asbjørn K. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3307-0031
Di Federico, Alessandro
Rowan, Andrew
Veeriah, Selvaraju
Dyrskjøt, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7061-9851
Nürnberg, Leonard https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-4268
Alessi, Joao V.
Ott, Patrick A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-943X
Sharon, Elad
Hackshaw, Allan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5570-5070
McGranahan, Nicholas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9537-4045
Abbosh, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-1382
Mak, Raymond H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8754-0565
Bitterman, Danielle
Awad, Mark
Ricciuti, Biagio
Swanton, Charles https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-3018
Jamal-Hanjani, Mariam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1212-1259
Birkbak, Nicolai J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-9587
Aerts, Hugo J. W. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-2003
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Article History
Received: 13 January 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Competing interests
: M.J.-H. has consulted for Astex Pharmaceutical and Achilles Therapeutics, is a member of the Achilles Therapeutics scientific advisory board (SAB) and steering committee and has received speaker honoraria from Pfizer, Astex Pharmaceuticals, Oslo Cancer Cluster, Bristol Myers Squibb and Genentech. M.J.-H. is listed as a co-inventor on a European patent application relating to methods to detect lung cancer (PCT/US2017/028013); this patent has been licensed to commercial entities and, under terms of employment, M.J.-H. is due a share of any revenue generated from such licence(s). M.J.-H. is also listed as a co-inventor on a GB priority patent application (GB2400424.4: ‘Treatment and Prevention of Lung Cancer’). C.S. has received support from the Francis Crick Institute and the Royal Society; has received grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Invitae (formerly Archer Dx), Ono Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer and Roche-Ventana; has received consulting fees from Bicycle Therapeutics, Genentech, Medicxi, Metabomed and Novartis; is a member of the GRAIL SAB, the Relay Therapeutics SAB, China Innovation Centre of Roche (CICoR), the SAGA Diagnostics SAB and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute; has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Illumina, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD, Roche-Ventana and Pfizer; holds patents, planned, issued or pending, including PCT/GB2017/053289, PCT/EP2016/059401, PCT/EP2016/071471, PCT/GB2018/052004, PCT/GB2020/050221, PCT/GB2018/051912, PCT/US2017/28013 and PCT/GB2018/051892; has leadership or fiduciary roles with Cancer Research UK and the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR); holds stock or stock options in ApoGen Biotech, Epic Biosciences, GRAIL and Achilles Therapeutics; and has other financial or non-financial interests with AstraZeneca and GRAIL Bio UK. N.M. holds patents related to determining human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loss of heterozygosity (LOH) (PCT/GB2018/052004), determining the B cell fraction in mixed samples (PCT/EP2024/062999), determining lymphocyte abundance in mixed samples (PCT/EP2022/070694), identifying responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912), targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401), identifying patient response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471) and predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221), and has a patent pending in determining HLA disruption (PCT/EP2023/059039). S.V. is a co-inventor on a patent of methods for detecting molecules in a sample (US 10,578,620). A.H. has received fees for being a member of independent data monitoring committees for Roche-sponsored clinical trials and academic projects coordinated by Roche. S.B. reports consulting fees from Ambient. N.J.B. reports consulting fees from Ambient and is listed as a co-inventor on a patent application (PCT/GB2020/050221) on methods for cancer prognostication and a patent on methods for predicting anti-cancer response (US14/466,208). H.J.W.L.A. reports consulting fees and/or stock from Onc.AI, Love Health, Sphera, HealthAI, Ambient and AstraZeneca. R.H.M.: advisory board (ViewRay and AstraZeneca), consulting (AstraZeneca, Varian Medical Systems, Sio Capital Management and Pfizer), honoraria (Novartis, Springer Nature), research funding (NIH, ViewRay, AstraZeneca, Siemens Medical Solutions USA and Varian Medical Systems). D.B. is a member of the MercurialAI SAB. L.D. has sponsored research agreements with C2i Genomics, Natera, AstraZeneca, Photocure and Ferring; an advisory or consulting role at Ferring, MSD, Cystotech and UroGen; and has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Roche and travel support from MSD. A.D.F. reports fees and advisory fees from Novartis, IQVIA and Hanson-Wade. C.A. is an employee of Astrazeneca and owns stocks in Astrazeneca; and holds patents/patent applications in minimal residual disease detection (PCT/GB2017/053289, PCT/US2017/028013 and PCT/EP2022/077987). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
