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Article History

First Online: 12 August 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: R.R.W. has stock and other ownership interests with Boost Therapeutics, Immvira, Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Coordination Pharmaceuticals, Magi Therapeutics, Fuse Biotherapeutics and Oncosenescence. He has served in a consulting or advisory role for Aettis, Astrazeneca, Coordination Pharmaceuticals, Genus, Merck Serono, Nano proteagen, NKMax America and Shuttle Pharmaceuticals. He has received research grant funding from Varian and Regeneron, as well as NIH funding (R01CA262508 and U54 CA274291). He has received compensation including travel, accommodations or expense reimbursement from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelhei and Merck Serono. S.P.P. has received research grant funding from the LUNGevity Foundation, Cancer Research Foundation, Falk Medical Research Trust and American Lung Association. R.R.W. and S.P.P. are co-founders of PersonaDx and have multiple patents pending. S.P.P. and R.R.W. have filed a patent on amphiregulin in the radiation response.