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Authors
Shay, Jessica E. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7799-1349
Chi, Fangtao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5730-2830
Tzouanas, Constantine N.
Han, Shixun
Zhang, Xiao https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0668-1076
Ten Hoeve, Johanna
Williams, Kevin J.
Neptun, Seda
Sever, Tolga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-0243
Fuentes, Isabela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2039-1737
Bhatia, Sangeeta N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1293-2097
Calibasi-Kocal, Gizem
Vander Heiden, Matthew G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6702-4192
Shalek, Alex K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-8778
Yilmaz, Ömer H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7577-4612
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Article History
Received: 5 June 2025
Accepted: 8 June 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: Ö.H.Y. holds equity and is a scientific advisory board member in Ava Lifesciences, Jumble Therapeutics and AI Proteins; received research support from Microbial Machines; and is a consultant for Nestlé. M.G.V.H. is a scientific advisor for Agios Pharmaceuticals, iTeos Therapeutics, Faeth Therapeutics, Sage Therapeutics, Lime Therapeutics, Pretzel Therapeutics and Auron Therapeutics. A.K.S. reports compensation for consulting and/or SAB membership from Honeycomb Biotechnologies, Cellarity, Ochre Bio, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Relation Therapeutics, IntrECate Biotherapeutics, Parabalis Medicines, Quotient Therapeutics, Passkey Therapeutics, Danaher, Senda Biosciences and Dahlia Biosciences unrelated to this work. S.N.B. reports interests in Ropirio Therapeutics, Earli Inc., Sunbird Bio, Satellite Bio, Catalio Capital, Port Therapeutics, Matrisome Bio, Xilio Therapeutics, Ochre Bio, Impilo Therapeutics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson and Owlstone, which were not involved in this study. S.N.B.’s interests are reviewed and managed under MIT’s policies for potential conflicts of interest. The other authors declare no competing interests.
