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Article History
Received: 13 November 2023
Accepted: 9 June 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: Z.A. is employed by Google DeepMind. J.C.U. is an employee of Illumina, Inc. D.R.K. is employed by Calico Life Sciences LLC. Z.W. co-founded Rgenta Therapeutics, and she serves as a scientific advisor for the company and is a member of its board. W.J.G. is an inventor on IP licensed by 10x Genomics. A. Kundaje is on the scientific advisory board of PatchBio, SerImmune and OpenTargets, was a consultant with Illumina and owns shares in DeepGenomics, ImmunAI and Freenome. J.M.E. has received materials from 10x Genomics unrelated to this study, and has received speaking honoraria from GSK plc and Roche Genentech. The other authors declare no competing interests.