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Authors
Guan, Ningzi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6174-8053
Kong, Deqiang
Gao, Xianyun
Niu, Lingxue
Zhou, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2957-6321
Yu, Guiling
Gao, Tian
Liu, Mengyao
Ma, Wenbo
Jin, Yiyu
Yin, Jianli
Zhao, Shangang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9209-8206
Ye, Haifeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-8116
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2023
Accepted: 14 July 2026
First Online: 12 August 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: H.Y., N.G. and X.G. are inventors on patent applications submitted by East China Normal University that cover the new glucose sensor, including a Chinese patent application (202210326236.9) and a Patent Cooperation Treaty application (PCT/CN2023/081232), which has entered the national phase in the USA (application no. 18/852,503) and Europe (application no. 23777819.6). The other authors declare no competing interests.
