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Article History

Received: 10 October 2018

Accepted: 4 June 2021

First Online: 9 August 2021

Competing interests

: B.R.B. currently serves as Editor-in-Chief for the <i>Journal of Parkinson’s Disease</i>, serves on the editorial boards of <i>Practical Neurology</i> and <i>Digital Biomarkers</i>, has received honoraria from serving on the scientific advisory board for Zambon, Biogen, UCB and Walk with Path, has received fees for speaking at conferences from AbbVie, Zambon, Roche, GE Healthcare and Bial, and has received research support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, UCB, Abbvie, Zambon, the Stichting Parkinson Fonds, the Hersenstichting Nederland, the Parkinson’s Foundation, Verily Life Sciences, Horizon 2020, the Topsector Life Sciences and Health and the Parkinson Vereniging. E.R.D. has received honoraria for speaking at American Academy of Neurology courses, American Neurological Association and University of Michigan; received compensation for consulting services from 23andMe, Abbott, Abbvie, American Well, Biogen, BrainNeuroBio, Clintrex, Curasen Therapeutics, DeciBio, Denali Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Grand Rounds, Karger, Lundbeck, MC10, MedAvante, Medical-legal services, Mednick Associates, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Olson Research Group, Optio, Origent Data Sciences, Inc., Otsuka, Prilenia, Putnam Associates, Roche, Sanofi, Shire, Spark, Sunovion Pharma, Teva, Theravance, UCB and Voyager Therapeutics; research support from Abbvie, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, AMC Health, Biosensics, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Davis Phinney Foundation, Duke University, Food and Drug Administration, GlaxoSmithKline, Greater Rochester Health Foundation, Huntington Study Group, Michael J. Fox Foundation, the NIH/NINDS, NSF, Nuredis Pharmaceuticals, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Pfizer, Prana Biotechnology, Raptor Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Safra Foundation, Teva Pharmaceuticals and University of California Irvine; editorial services for Karger Publications; and ownership interests with Grand Rounds (second opinion service). C.M.T. reports grants from Sage Biometrics, during the conducting of the study; grants from Parkinson Foundation, grants from Gateway LLC, grants from Roche/Genentech, grants from Parkinson Study Group, personal fees from Biogen Idec, personal fees from Acorda, personal fees from Adamas Therapeutics, personal fees from Amneal, personal fees from CNS Ratings, personal fees from Grey Matter LLC, grants from Michael J. Fox Foundation, grants from NIH/NIA, grants from NIH/NINDS, grants from VA Merit, grants from Department of Defense, personal fees from Northwestern University, personal fees from Partners, Harvard University, nonfinancial support from Medtronic, Inc., nonfinancial support from Acadia, nonfinancial support from Boston Scientific, nonfinancial support from Neurocrine, nonfinancial support from Acadia, grants from Biogen Idec research support, nonfinancial support from Biogen Idec, personal fees from Guidemark Health, personal fees from Acadia, personal fees from Neurocrine, personal fees from Lundbeck, personal fees from Cadent, nonfinancial support from Neurocrine and grants from Roche Genentech, outside the submitted work.