Zhang, Yancong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-2975
Bhosle, Amrisha
Bae, Sena
Eckenrode, Kelly
Huang, Xueying
Tang, Jingjing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-5018
Lavrentovich, Danylo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8432-9596
Awad, Lana
Hua, Ji
Wang, Ya
Morgan, Xochitl C.
Li, Bin
Krueger, Andy
Garrett, Wendy S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5092-0150
Franzosa, Eric A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8798-7068
Huttenhower, Curtis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-0096
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R24DK110499)
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI110820)
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A.
Hill’s Pet Nutrition
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program
Article History
Received: 6 August 2024
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: C.H. is on the scientific advisory boards of Seres Therapeutics, Empress Therapeutics and ZOE Nutrition. W.S.G. is on the scientific advisory boards of Empress Therapeutics, Freya Biosciences, Sail Biosciences, Seres Therapeutics and the Gates Foundation, all unrelated to this study. W.S.G.’s laboratory has received funding from Merck and Astellas. B.L. and A.K. are Takeda employees and may own company stock. The other authors declare no competing interests.