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Authors
Goudy, Laine
Ha, Alvin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-9072
Borah, Ashir A.
Umhoefer, Jennifer M.
Chow, Lauren
Tran, Carinna
Winters, Aidan
Talbot, Alexis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-413X
Hernandez, Rosmely
Li, Zhongmei
Subramanya, Sanjana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2503-7200
Arab, Abolfazl https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0024-2937
Kale, Nupura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-8646
Lee, Jae Hyun J. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2998-5249
Muldoon, Joseph J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3784-3565
Liu, Chang
Schmidt, Ralf
Santangelo, Philip https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7352-0339
Carnevale, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9410-7148
Eyquem, Justin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-1190
Shy, Brian R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9569-3708
Marson, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2734-5776
Gilbert, Luke A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5854-0825
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (UM1HG012660, K08CA273529, L30TR002983, 1K08CA252605-01)
National Science Foundation (2021316455))
Cancer Research Institute
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Article History
Received: 6 March 2024
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 21 October 2025
Competing interests
: L.A.G has filed patents on CRISPR tools and CRISPR functional genomics and is a cofounder of Chroma Medicine. A.M. is a cofounder of Site Tx, Arsenal Biosciences, Spotlight Therapeutics and Survey Genomics, serves on the boards of directors at Site Tx, Spotlight Therapeutics and Survey Genomics, is a member of the scientific advisory boards of network.bio, Site Tx, Arsenal Biosciences, Cellanome, Spotlight Therapeutics, Survey Genomics, NewLimit, Amgen and Tenaya, owns stock in network.bio, Arsenal Biosciences, Site Tx, Cellanome, Spotlight Therapeutics, NewLimit, Survey Genomics, Tenaya and Lightcast and has received fees from network.bio, Site Tx, Arsenal Biosciences, Cellanome, Spotlight Therapeutics, NewLimit, Abbvie, Gilead, Pfizer, 23andMe, PACT Pharma, Juno Therapeutics, Tenaya, Lightcast, Trizell, Vertex, Merck, Amgen, Genentech, GLG, ClearView Healthcare, AlphaSights, Rupert Case Management, Bernstein and ALDA. A.M. is an investor in and informal advisor to Offline Ventures and a client of EPIQ. The A.M. laboratory has received research support from PICI, the Emerson Collective, Arc Institute, Juno Therapeutics, Epinomics, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead and Anthem and reagents from Genscript, Illumina, 10X Genomics, Ultima, and Cellanome. B.R.S is a compensated member of the scientific advisory board for Kano Therapeutics. B.R.S. is an inventor on patent applications pertaining to and based on the findings described in this paper, a subset of which have been licensed by the University of California. J.C. is a consultant for Waypoint Bio. J.E. is a compensated cofounder at Mnemo Therapeutics. J.E. owns stocks in Mnemo Therapeutics and Cytovia Therapeutics. J.E. has received a consulting fee from Casdin Capital, Resolution Therapeutics, Enterome and Treefrog Therapeutics. The J.E. lab has received research support from Cytovia, Therapeutics, Mnemo Therapeutics and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. J.M.U. is a current employee of Site Tx. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
