Huang, Yiming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1932-2803
Sun, Yiwei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-6232
Ronda, Carlotta
Mavros, Chrystal F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3914-7512
Li, Jing
Jacobse, Justin
Huang, Lei H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1491-3869
Resnick, Samuel J.
Giddins, Marla
Freedberg, Daniel E.
Chavez, Alejandro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5626-7140
Goettel, Jeremy A.
Wang, Harris H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-4318
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (MCB-2025515)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1R01DK118044, 1R21AI146817, 1R01CA272898, 5U19AI067773, R03DK123489, 1R21HG011855, 1R21HG011855)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-18-1-2237)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | ONR | Office of Naval Research Global (N00014-17-1-2353)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR00111920009)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Research Laboratory (S-168-4X5-001)
Burroughs Wellcome Fund (1016691, Career Awards for Medical Scientists, Career Awards for Medical Scientists)
Crohn's and Colitis Foundation (1061046, 1513935)
Columbia University (IRIS Award)
Irma T. Hirschl Trust
Schaefer Research Award
Article History
Received: 7 January 2025
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: A patent application describing the Foli-seq technology has been filed by Columbia University. Y.H., H.H.W. and A.C. are cofounders and equity holders of Foli Bio. Additionally, H.H.W. is a scientific advisor for SNIPR Biome, Kingdom Supercultures, Fitbiomics, VecX Biomedicines and Genus plc, and a scientific cofounder of Aclid, none of which are involved in the study. A.C. is a scientific advisor for Fitbiomics and Syntax Bio. D.E.F. is a consultant for KeepBio. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.