Manakongtreecheep, Kasidet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-9603
Ctortecka, Claudia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-8936
Correa-Medero, Luis O. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0345-5938
Zhu, Timothy
Lippincott, Isabelle https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9034-5150
Lawrence, Griffin M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6308-123X
Howard, Alexis
Hernandez, Gabrielle M.
Forman, Cleo
Duggan, Emma C.
Wilbrink, Marta A. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1661-4466
Verzani, Eva K.
Afeyan, Alexander B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-7166
Li, Jiaxun
Nesvizhskii, Alexey I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2806-7819
Oliveira, Giacomo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7435-5603
Keskin, Derin B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-6181
Ott, Patrick A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-943X
Clauser, Karl R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-9456
Bakalar, Matthew
Sarkizova, Siranush https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2530-8610
Hacohen, Nir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2349-2656
Carr, Steven A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7203-4299
Abelin, Jennifer G.
Wu, Catherine J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3348-5054
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P01CA206978)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01CA155010)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01CA155010)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (P01CA206978)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U24CA270823)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01CA271402)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U24CA224331)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA229261)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U24CA224331)
Mark Foundation Endeavor Award Lavine Family Chair for Preventative Cancer Therapies at DFCI
Landry Cancer Biology Research Fellowship Fujifilm Fellowship Program
Claudia Adams Barr Program for Innovative Cancer Research
Bergmark Foundation
Mark Foundation Endeavor Award Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation
Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation
Article History
Received: 29 January 2025
Accepted: 17 December 2025
First Online: 9 February 2026
Competing interests
: P.A.O. has received research funding from and/or has advised Agenus, Arcturus, Amgen, Armo BioSciences, Array, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Celldex, CytomX, Evaxion, Immunetune, Imunon, LGChem, Merck, Neon Therapeutics (now BioNTechUS), Novartis, Pharmajet, Phio, Pfizer, Oncorus, Roche/Genentech, Servier and Xencor. J.G.A. is a paid consultant for Moderna. S.A.C. is a member of the scientific advisory boards of Kymera, PTM BioLabs, Seer, PrognomIQ and Mobilion. C.J.W. is an equity holder of BioNtech, is a member of the scientific advisory board of Adventris, Aethon Therapeutics, Nature’s Toolbox and Repertoire and receives research funding from Pharmacyclics. D.B.K. is a scientific advisor for Immunitrack, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company and Breakbio. D.B.K. owns equity in Affimed, Agenus, Armata Pharmaceuticals, Beam Therapeutics, Breakbio, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Celldex Therapeutics, Editas Medicine, Immunitybio, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Moderna, Prime Medicine, Sana Biotechnology and Summit Therapeutics. N.H. holds equity in and advises Danger Bio/Related Sciences, Repertoire Immune Medicines and CytoReason, owns equity and has licensed patents to BioNtech and receives research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Moderna, ResolveM/JJDC, Takeda and Calico Life Sciences. A.I.N. is the founder of Fragmatics, serves on the scientific advisory boards of Protai Bio, Infinitopes and Mobilion Systems and has financial interest because of the licensing of MSFragger to commercial entities. G.O. is a consultant for Bicycle Therapeutics. The other authors declare no competing interests.