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Article History

First Online: 17 March 2026

Competing interests

: I.G.C. previously served as the chair of the ethics advisory board for Illumina, a member of the Bayer Bioethics Council, a bioethics advisor for Bexorg and an advisor for World Class Health and Manhattan Neurosciences LLP. He was also compensated for speaking at events organized by Philips with The Washington Post and the Doctors Company, and for attending the Transformational Therapeutics Leadership Forum organized by Galen Atlantica, and has been retained as an expert in health privacy, gender-affirming care and reproductive technology lawsuits. T.M. serves as an advisor to Digital Health and AI committees at the World Health Organization. He was further compensated for a Foresight Study on emerging biotechnologies prepared for the European Commission, for a scientifically independent study on the testing of medical devices in the United States and Europe prepared for Microsoft, and for talks and training sessions on AI regulation and tech transfer prepared for the Council of the European Union, the Asian Productivity Organisation and Qatar’s Ministry of Health.