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Authors
Li, Siliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8277-4792
Zhu, Duolong
Saha, Kundan
Kundu, Biki Bapi
Sonkusale, Sameer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3579-910X
Britton, Robert A.
Ajo-Franklin, Caroline M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8909-6712
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-22-1-0239)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-22-1-0239)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-22-1-0239)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR190063)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR190063)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR190063)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01 AI173318)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01 AI173318)
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Article History
Received: 26 February 2025
Accepted: 2 March 2026
First Online: 17 April 2026
Competing interests
: S.L. and C.M.A.-F. filed a provisional patent entitled ‘Compositions and Methods of Bioelectronic Sensing’ on 12 August 2024 (No. 63/682,083), covering the design criteria of e − COSENS. A subsequent appendance was filed jointly with S.S. and K.S. on 23 June 2025 (No. 63/828,835), covering the use of the MFC device with a multimeter for electrical signal detection. S.S. and K.S. filed a provisional patent entitled ‘Nanosheet Clay Cation Exchange Membrane for Microbial Fuel Cell’ on 4 March 2025 (No. 63/766,456), covering the fabrication and application of the clay membrane. The other authors declare no competing interests.
