Guo, Zhong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-5021
Smutok, Oleh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-3445
Lee, Gyu Rie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-5303
Cui, Zhenling
Qianzhu, Haocheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7546-4411
Kish, Monika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3661-8641
Ergun yva, Cagla https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2995-1777
Wu, Kejia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4532-4290
Mutschler, Roxane https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2376-4293
Jackson, Colin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6150-3822
Fiorito, Maria M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-0060
Warden, Andrew C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-9798
Smith, Oliver B. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6774-5837
Quijano-Rubio, Alfredo
Huber, Thomas
Phillips, Jonathan J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5361-9582
Otting, Gottfried
Katz, Evgeny
Baker, David https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7896-6217
Alexandrov, Kirill https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-6511
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (DP230100079, DP240100273)
Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (DP230100079, DP240100273)
Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (DP230100079, DP240100273)
Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (CE200100029, CE200100012)
National Science Foundation (CBET-2235349, CBET-2422672)
National Science Foundation (CBET-2422672)
Open Philanthropy Project Improving Protein Design Fund ; the Washington Research Foundation, Innovation Fellows Program ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Article History
Received: 30 September 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Competing interests
: Z.G. and K.A. are named inventors on patent applications covering YES-gate biosensor technology and biosensors with auxiliary binding domains either used or described in this study. K.A. holds shares in CIDER Biotech that holds a license for these technologies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.