Zhou, Xuanzi
Wang, Bo
Wei, Yiyang
Hacker, Serena https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0277-7111
Kim, Sumin
Borrillo, Thomas
McCaig, Abby
Ahmed, Haaniya
Ren, Youxue
Hough, Olivia
Orsini, Luca
Chao, Bonnie T.
McInnis, Micheal
Cypel, Marcelo
Liu, Mingyao
Yeung, Jonathan C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5759-3028
Del Sorbo, Lorenzo
Keshavjee, Shaf https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4547-8094
Sage, Andrew T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2517-9062
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-185944)
JP Bickell Foundation
Article History
Received: 24 September 2024
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 4 May 2026
Competing interests
: S.K. serves as chief medical officer of Traferox Technologies and receives personal fees from Lung Bioengineering, outside the submitted work. X.Z., M.C., B.W., A.T.S. and S.K. declare ongoing patent applications with UHN (US63/603,060) related to ex vivo DT ML models used in this study. The investigators fully adhere to policies at UHN that ensure academic integrity and management of potential conflicts of interest. The remaining authors (Y.W., S.H., S.K., T.B., A.M., H.A., Y.R., O.H., L.O., B.T.C., M.M., M.L., J.C.Y. and L.D.S.) declare no competing interests.