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Article History

Received: 3 April 2019

Accepted: 16 March 2021

First Online: 6 May 2021

Competing interests

: Brigham and Women’s Hospital holds a US provisional patent application on the PHS for predicting PD progression, on which C.R.S. is named as inventor. Outside this work, C.R.S. has served as consultant, scientific collaborator or on scientific advisory boards for Sanofi, Berg Health, Pfizer and Biogen, and has received grants from the NIH, US Department of Defense, American Parkinson Disease Association, and the Michael J Fox Foundation (MJFF). G.L., J.J.L., J.M., A.E., J.H.G., A.Y.H., S.K., P.T., S.S.A., J.S.P. and M.C.C. report no relevant financial or other conflicts of interest in relation to this study. M.A.S. has no conflict of interest related to this work. Outside this work, M.A.S. has received grants from NINDS, DoD, MJFF, Farmer Family Foundation, and has served as a consultant to commercial programs for Eli Lilly & Co (data monitoring committee), Prevail Therapeutics (scientific advisory board), Denali Therapeutics (scientific advisory board), nQ Medical (scientific advisory board), Chase Therapeutics (scientific advisory board) and Partner Therapeutics (scientific advisory board). A.-M.W. has received research funding from the ALS Association, the Parkinson’s Foundation, has participated in clinical trials funded by Acorda, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi/Genzyme, Pfizer and Abbvie, and received consultant payments from Mitsubishi Tanabe and from Accordant. T.M.H. has no conflict of interest related to this work. Outside this work, he has received honoraria for consulting in advisory boards for Boston Scientific and Medtronic. J.-C.C. has no conflict of interest related to this work. Outside this work, J.C.C. has received honoraria for consulting in advisory boards for Abbvie, Actelion, Air Liquide, Biogen, BMS, BrainEver, Clevexel, Denali, Pfizer, Theranexus and Zambon. B.R. is an employee of and holds equity in Praxis Precision Medicines and is advisor for Caraway Therapeutics and Brain Neurotherapy Bio. I.S. is Principal Investigator of a MJFF Computational Science Grant (2017–19). S.K. is supported by Multiple Sclerosis of Western-Australia (MSWA) and the Perron Institute. P.H. is a Scientific Advisor of Neuron23. J.J.v.H. has no conflict of interest related to this work. Outside this work, J.J.v.H. has received grants from the Alkemade-Keuls Foundation, Stichting Parkinson Fonds, Parkinson Vereniging, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Hersenstichting, AbbVie, MJFF, and research support from Hoffmann-La-Roche, Lundbeck and the Centre of Human Drug Research. B.M. has no conflict related to this work. Outside this work, B.M. has received honoraria for consultancy from Roche, Biogen, AbbVie, Servier and Amprion. B.M. is member of the executive steering committee of the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative and Principal Investigator of the Systemic Synuclein Sampling Study of the MJFF for Parkinson’s Research and has received research funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), EU (Horizon2020), Parkinson Fonds Deutschland, Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung, Parkinson’s Foundation and MJFF. R.A.B. has no conflict of interest related to this work. Outside this work, R.A.B. has received consultancy monies from LCT, FCDI, Novo Nordisk, Cellino, Sana, UC, has received royalties from Wiley and Springer Nature, grant funding from CPT, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (146281), the UK Medical Research Council (MRC), Wellcome Trust (203151/Z/16/Z) and Rosetrees Trust (A1519 M654). C.H.W.-G. has no conflict of interest related to this work. C.H.W.-G. is supported by a RCUK UKRI Research Innovation Fellowship awarded by the MRC (MR/R007446/1) and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and receives grant support from MJFF, the Evelyn Trust, the Cure Parkinson’s Trust, Parkinson’s UK, the Rosetrees Trust and the Cambridge Centre for Parkinson-Plus. C.H.W.-G. has received honoraria from Lundbeck and consultancy payments from Modus Outcomes and Evidera. C.T. is supported by EU Grant Horizon 2020/propag-ageing and the MJFF. C.K. serves as a medical advisor to Centogene for genetic testing reports in the fields of movement disorders and dementia, excluding Parkinson’s disease.