Crossmark

Genome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01707-9

Published Online: 2024-04-18

Published Print: 2024-05

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Nievergelt, Caroline M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-8923
Maihofer, Adam X.

Atkinson, Elizabeth G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-776X
Chen, Chia-Yen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-5597
Choi, Karmel W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-2431
Coleman, Jonathan R. I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0944
Daskalakis, Nikolaos P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-9112
Duncan, Laramie E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-661X
Polimanti, Renato https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-6046
Aaronson, Cindy

Amstadter, Ananda B.

Andersen, Soren B.

Andreassen, Ole A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
Arbisi, Paul A.

Ashley-Koch, Allison E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-9155
Austin, S. Bryn

Avdibegoviç, Esmina

Babić, Dragan

Bacanu, Silviu-Alin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-1583
Baker, Dewleen G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1736-9838
Batzler, Anthony

Beckham, Jean C.

Belangero, Sintia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-4351
Benjet, Corina

Bergner, Carisa

Bierer, Linda M.

Biernacka, Joanna M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9350-4440
Bierut, Laura J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9952-4810
Bisson, Jonathan I.

Boks, Marco P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6163-7484
Bolger, Elizabeth A.

Brandolino, Amber

Breen, Gerome

Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-4449
Bryant, Richard A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-819X
Bustamante, Angela C.

Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1705-4008
Bækvad-Hansen, Marie

Børglum, Anders D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-7219
Børte, Sigrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-3256
Cahn, Leah

Calabrese, Joseph R.

Caldas-de-Almeida, Jose Miguel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-6772
Chatzinakos, Chris

Cheema, Sheraz

Clouston, Sean A. P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6124-0329
Colodro-Conde, Lucía https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-364X
Coombes, Brandon J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4322-5923
Cruz-Fuentes, Carlos S.

Dale, Anders M.

Dalvie, Shareefa

Davis, Lea K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-2282
Deckert, Jürgen

Delahanty, Douglas L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-7064
Dennis, Michelle F.

Desarnaud, Frank

DiPietro, Christopher P.

Disner, Seth G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-9421
Docherty, Anna R.

Domschke, Katharina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-9132
Dyb, Grete

Kulenović, Alma Džubur https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1883-7111
Edenberg, Howard J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0344-9690
Evans, Alexandra

Fabbri, Chiara

Fani, Negar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7720-252X
Farrer, Lindsay A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-4225
Feder, Adriana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-310X
Feeny, Norah C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-4591
Flory, Janine D.

Forbes, David

Franz, Carol E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-1755
Galea, Sandro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-0945
Garrett, Melanie E.

Gelaye, Bizu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7934-548X
Gelernter, Joel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-1859
Geuze, Elbert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-2379
Gillespie, Charles F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5476-5920
Goleva, Slavina B.

Gordon, Scott D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7623-328X
Goçi, Aferdita

Grasser, Lana Ruvolo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-5524
Guindalini, Camila

Haas, Magali

Hagenaars, Saskia

Hauser, Michael A.

Heath, Andrew C.

Hemmings, Sian M. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8461-1017
Hesselbrock, Victor

Hickie, Ian B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-9895
Hogan, Kelleigh

Hougaard, David Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5928-3517
Huang, Hailiang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-5762
Huckins, Laura M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-6502
Hveem, Kristian

Jakovljević, Miro

Javanbakht, Arash

Jenkins, Gregory D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-6227
Johnson, Jessica

Jones, Ian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5821-5889
Jovanovic, Tanja

Karstoft, Karen-Inge https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-9784
Kaufman, Milissa L.

Kennedy, James L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-3806
Kessler, Ronald C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4831-2305
Khan, Alaptagin

Kimbrel, Nathan A.

King, Anthony P.

Koen, Nastassja

Kotov, Roman

Kranzler, Henry R.

Krebs, Kristi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2751
Kremen, William S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8629-5609
Kuan, Pei-Fen

Lawford, Bruce R.

Lebois, Lauren A. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-9181
Lehto, Kelli

Levey, Daniel F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-9569
Lewis, Catrin

Liberzon, Israel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4990-556X
Linnstaedt, Sarah D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-7072
Logue, Mark W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9347-7892
Lori, Adriana

Lu, Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-3654
Luft, Benjamin J.

Lupton, Michelle K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7274-7299
Luykx, Jurjen J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-2774
Makotkine, Iouri

Maples-Keller, Jessica L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-7332
Marchese, Shelby

Marmar, Charles

Martin, Nicholas G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020
Martínez-Levy, Gabriela A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-5308
McAloney, Kerrie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2691
McFarlane, Alexander

McLaughlin, Katie A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1362-2410
McLean, Samuel A.

Medland, Sarah E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-380X
Mehta, Divya

Meyers, Jacquelyn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3863-8555
Michopoulos, Vasiliki https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2531-923X
Mikita, Elizabeth A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-8274
Milani, Lili https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-3102
Milberg, William

Miller, Mark W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-8563
Morey, Rajendra A.

Morris, Charles Phillip https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-619X
Mors, Ole

Mortensen, Preben Bo

Mufford, Mary S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-9217
Nelson, Elliot C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-3962
Nordentoft, Merete

Norman, Sonya B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-1882
Nugent, Nicole R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-5618
O’Donnell, Meaghan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-0022
Orcutt, Holly K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-0784
Pan, Pedro M.

Panizzon, Matthew S.

Pathak, Gita A.

Peters, Edward S.

Peterson, Alan L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-2936
Peverill, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-1004
Pietrzak, Robert H.

Polusny, Melissa A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-305X
Porjesz, Bernice

Powers, Abigail

Qin, Xue-Jun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9169-253X
Ratanatharathorn, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9855-0438
Risbrough, Victoria B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-3820
Roberts, Andrea L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-4399
Rothbaum, Alex O.

Rothbaum, Barbara O. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8793-7124
Roy-Byrne, Peter

Ruggiero, Kenneth J.

Rung, Ariane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1372-1902
Runz, Heiko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2133-7345
Rutten, Bart P. F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-6346
de Viteri, Stacey Saenz

Salum, Giovanni Abrahão

Sampson, Laura

Sanchez, Sixto E.

Santoro, Marcos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5714-9509
Seah, Carina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1604-1838
Seedat, Soraya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-786X
Seng, Julia S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-6348
Shabalin, Andrey

Sheerin, Christina M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3773-641X
Silove, Derrick

Smith, Alicia K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8537-5156
Smoller, Jordan W.

Sponheim, Scott R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2782-0856
Stein, Dan J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Stensland, Synne

Stevens, Jennifer S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-0314
Sumner, Jennifer A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-7171
Teicher, Martin H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-0177
Thompson, Wesley K.

Tiwari, Arun K.

Trapido, Edward

Uddin, Monica

Ursano, Robert J.

Valdimarsdóttir, Unnur https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5382-946X
Van Hooff, Miranda

Vermetten, Eric

Vinkers, Christiaan H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3698-0744
Voisey, Joanne https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-6164
Wang, Yunpeng

Wang, Zhewu

Waszczuk, Monika

Weber, Heike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9421-1292
Wendt, Frank R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2108-6822
Werge, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-0766
Williams, Michelle A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5807-5281
Williamson, Douglas E.

Winsvold, Bendik S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4171-8919
Winternitz, Sherry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8939-539X
Wolf, Christiane

Wolf, Erika J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2666-2435
Xia, Yan

Xiong, Ying

Yehuda, Rachel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-677X
Young, Keith A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-3573
Young, Ross McD

Zai, Clement C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0496-7262
Zai, Gwyneth C.

Zervas, Mark

Zhao, Hongyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1195-9607
Zoellner, Lori A.

Zwart, John-Anker https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5721-0154
deRoon-Cassini, Terri

van Rooij, Sanne J. H.

van den Heuvel, Leigh L.

,

,

,

,

Stein, Murray B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
Ressler, Kerry J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-1103
Koenen, Karestan C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2978-7655
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH106595, R01MH106595, R01MH106595)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2024-04-18

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Article History

Received: 24 May 2023

Accepted: 5 March 2024

First Online: 18 April 2024

Competing interests

: L.J.B. is listed as an inventor on Issued US Patent 8,080,371, ‘Markers for Addiction’ covering the use of certain SNPs in determining the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of addiction. C.-Y.C. and H.R. are employees of Biogen. A.M.D. holds equity in CorTechs Labs and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Human Longevity and the Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Center. A.M.D. receives funding through research grants with General Electric Healthcare. C.F. was a speaker for Janssen in 2021. I.B.H. is the codirector, Health and Policy at the Brain and Mind Center (BMC) University of Sydney; the BMC operates early intervention youth services at Camperdown under contract to headspace; and is the Chief Scientific Advisor to, and a 3.2% equity shareholder in, InnoWell Pty; InnoWell was formed by the University of Sydney (45% equity) and PwC (Australia; 45% equity) to deliver the AU$30 million Australian Government-funded Project Synergy. H.H. received consultancy fees from Ono Pharmaceutical and an honorarium from Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical. In the past 3 years, R.C.K. was a consultant for Cambridge Health Alliance, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Holmusk, Partners Healthcare, RallyPoint Networks and Sage Therapeutics. He has stock options in Cerebral, Mirah, PYM, Roga Sciences and Verisense Health. L.A.M.L. reports spousal IP payments from Vanderbilt University for technology licensed to Acadia Pharmaceuticals unrelated to the present work. C.M. has served on advisory boards of Receptor Life Sciences, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals and Roche Products Limited and has received support from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIMH, Department of Defense-CDMRP (US Army Research Office) DARPA, Bank of America Foundation, Brockman Foundation, Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cohen Veterans Network, McCormick Foundation, Home Depot Foundation, New York City Council, New York State Health, Mother Cabrini Foundation, Tilray Pharmaceuticals and Ananda Scientific. P.M.P. received payment or honoraria for lectures and presentations in educational events for Sandoz, Daiichi Sankyo, Eurofarma, Abbot, Libbs, Instituto Israelita de Pesquisa e Ensino Albert Einstein, Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino. R.P. has been paid for his editorial work on the journal <i>Complex Psychiatry</i> and received a research grant outside the scope of this study from Alkermes. J.W.S. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Sensorium Therapeutics (with equity) and has received grant support from Biogen; and is the principal investigator of a collaborative study of the genetics of depression and BPD sponsored by 23andMe for which 23andMe provides analysis time as in-kind support but no payments. M.B.S. has in the past 3 years received consulting income from Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Aptinyx, atai Life Sciences, BigHealth, Biogen, Bionomics, BioXcel Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clexio, Eisai, EmpowerPharm, Engrail Therapeutics, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, NeuroTrauma Sciences, PureTech Health, Sage Therapeutics, Sumitomo Pharma and Roche/Genentech; has stock options in Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals and EpiVario; has been paid for his editorial work on Depression and Anxiety (Editor-in-Chief), Biological Psychiatry (Deputy Editor) and UpToDate (Coeditor-in-Chief for Psychiatry); has also received research support from NIH, Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense; and is on the scientific advisory board for the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. In the past 3 years, D.J.S. has received consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda and Vistagen. M.L.K. reports unpaid membership on the Scientific Committee for the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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