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Article History
Received: 13 March 2024
Accepted: 7 April 2025
First Online: 13 May 2025
Competing interests
: C. German is employed by and holds stock or stock options in 23andMe. E.L.N. is on the scientific advisory board for Myriad Genetics and the medical advisory board for the Tourette Association of America and received clinical trial funding from Emalex and Octapharma Pharmaceuticals. J.V.-V. has served on advisory boards or consulted with Roche, Novartis and SynapDx; received research funding from Roche, Novartis, SynapDx, Seaside Therapeutics, Forest, Janssen, Acadia, Yamo and MapLight; and received stipends for editorial work from Wiley and Springer. J.R.W. is a current employee and shareholder of Takeda Pharmaceuticals and a past employee and shareholder of F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Pfizer and Nestle Health Science. C.M.B. reports Pearson (author, royalty recipient). P.F. reports no conflict of interest regarding this study and reports having received financial support and served on the advisory board for Richter, Recordati, Boehringer Ingelheim, Otsuka, Janssen and Lundbeck. H.J.G. has received travel grants and speaker’s honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier and Janssen-Cilag as well as research funding from Fresenius Medical Care. I.B.H. is the co-director of health and policy at the Brain and Mind Centre of the University of Sydney, Australia. The Brain and Mind Centre operates early-intervention youth services at Camperdown under contract to headspace. I.B.H. has previously led community-based and pharmaceutical industry-supported (Wyeth, Eli Lily, Servier, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Janssen-Cilag) projects focused on the identification and better management of anxiety and depression. He is the chief scientific advisor to and a 3.2% equity shareholder in InnoWell, which aims to transform mental health services through the use of innovative technologies. B.M.N. is a member of the scientific advisory board at Deep Genomics and Neumora. C. Pittenger consults and/or receives research support from Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Freedom Biosciences, Ceruvia Lifesciences, Transcend Therapeutics, UCB BioPharma and F-Prime Capital Partners. He owns equity in Alco Therapeutics. These relationships are not related to the current work. D.J. Stein has received consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda and Vistagen. E.A.S. reports receiving research funding to his institution from the Ream Foundation, the International OCD Foundation and the NIH. He was formerly a consultant for Brainsway and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals in the past 12 months. He owns stock less than $5,000 in nView–Proem for distribution related to the YBOCS scales. He receives book royalties from Elsevier, Wiley, Oxford, the American Psychological Association, Guildford, Springer, Routledge and Jessica Kingsley. O.A.A. reports being a consultant to Cortechs.ai and Precision Health and speaker honoraria from Otsuka, Lundbeck, Sunovion and Janssen. A.D.B. has received a speaker fee from Lundbeck. D.M.-C. receives royalties for contributing articles to UpToDate and Wolters Kluwer Health and personal fees for editorial work from Elsevier, all unrelated to the current work. M.B.S. has in the past 3 years received consulting income from Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Big Health, Biogen, Bionomics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clexio, Eisai, EmpowerPharm, Engrail Therapeutics, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, NeuroTrauma Sciences, Otsuka, PureTech Health, Sage Therapeutics, Sumitomo Pharma and Roche–Genentech. M.B.S. has stock options in Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals and EpiVario. He has been paid for his editorial work on Depression and Anxiety (editor in chief), Biological Psychiatry (deputy editor) and UpToDate (co-editor in chief for psychiatry). J. Gelernter is paid for editorial work by the journal Complex Psychiatry. P.A. has received funding from Biohaven, Boston Scientific and Medtronic. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.