Liu, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6365-1888
Tran, Duc https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2918-8601
Xue, Liying
Wiley, Brian J.
Vlasschaert, Caitlyn
Watson, Caroline J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-268X
MacGregor, Hamish A. J.
Zong, Xiaoyu
Chan, Irenaeus C. C.
Das, Indraniel
Uddin, Md Mesbah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-0411
Niroula, Abhishek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-0635
Griffin, Gabriel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-6757
Ebert, Benjamin L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0197-5451
Mack, Taralynn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1043-2950
Pershad, Yash https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2282-1403
Sharber, Brian https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9598-8211
Berger, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-5000
Zehir, Ahmet https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5406-4104
Ptashkin, Ryan
Levine, Ross L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-1905
Papaemmanuil, Elli https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-8983
Joseph, Vijai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7933-151X
Gao, Teng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0196-689X
Kemel, Yelena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5042-5651
Mandelker, Diana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4154-0567
Stopsack, Konrad H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0722-1311
Pharoah, Paul D. P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-732X
Mukherjee, Semanti
Ding, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1517-2975
Cao, Yin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9835-7662
Walter, Matthew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7753-1091
Blundell, Jamie R.
Chatterjee, Nilanjan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-008X
Offit, Kenneth
Godley, Lucy A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1914-9158
Link, Daniel C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3170-7581
Stadler, Zsofia K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6985-2864
Bick, Alexander G.
Natarajan, Pradeep
Bolton, Kelly L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6584-3357
Funding for this research was provided by:
MDS Foundation (K.L.B), Prostate Cancer Foundation Challenge Award
Article History
Received: 28 August 2024
Accepted: 29 May 2025
First Online: 15 July 2025
Competing interests
: K.L.B. reports research grants and personal fees from Servier. E.P. is the co-founder of and holds a fiduciary role in Isabl Inc. P.N. reports research grants from Allelica, Amgen, Apple, Boston Scientific, Genentech or Roche and Novartis; personal fees from Allelica, Apple, AstraZeneca, Blackstone Life Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Creative Education Concepts, CRISPR Therapeutics, Eli Lilly & Co, Esperion Therapeutics, Foresite Capital, Foresite Labs, Genentech or Roche, GV, HeartFlow, Magnet Biomedicine, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, TenSixteen Bio and Tourmaline Bio; equity in Bolt, Candela, Mercury, MyOme, Parameter Health, Preciseli and TenSixteen Bio; and spousal employment at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, all unrelated to the present work. R.L.L. is on the Supervisory Board of QIAGEN (compensation or equity), a co-founder of or board member at Ajax (equity) and a scientific advisor to Mission Bio, Kurome, Anovia, Bakx, Syndax, Scorpion, Zentalis, Auron, Prelude and C4 Therapeutics; for each of these entities he receives equity or compensation. He has received research support from the Cure Breast Cancer Foundation, Calico, Zentalis and Ajax, and has consulted for Jubilant, Goldman Sachs, Incyte, AstraZeneca and Janssen. A.G.B. reports personal fees and equity in TenSixteen Bio, all unrelated to this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.