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Authors
Foote, Isabelle F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0253-4116
Flint, Jonny P.
Fürtjes, Anna E.
Lawrence, Jeremy M.
Mullin, Donncha S.
Fisk, John D.
Karakach, Tobias K.
Rutenberg, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-6809
Martin, Nicholas G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020
Lupton, Michelle K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7274-7299
Llewellyn, David J.
Ranson, Janice M.
Cox, Simon R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-3642
Luciano, Michelle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-3008
Rockwood, Kenneth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6674-995X
Grotzinger, Andrew D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-9244
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG073593)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1AG073593)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG073593)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH120219)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH120219)
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Alzheimer's Research UK
Wellcome Trust (221890/Z/20/Z)
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2024
Accepted: 18 June 2025
First Online: 4 August 2025
Change Date: 14 November 2025
Change Type: Update
Change Details: This article was originally published under standard Springer Nature license (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.). It is now available as an open-access paper under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license, © The Author(s). The copyright has been amended in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
Competing interests
: Although not directly related to the submitted work, K.R. has asserted copyright over the Clinical Frailty Scale and (with O. Theou) the Pictorial Fit-Frail Scale, which have been made freely available for noncommercial education and research, and nonprofit healthcare via completion of a permission agreement stipulating that users will not change, charge for or commercialize the scales. For-profit entities (including pharma) pay a licensing fee, 15% of which is retained by the Dalhousie University Office of Commercialization and Industry Engagement. After taxes, the remainder of the license fees are donated to the Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation. In the past 3 years, licenses have been negotiated with Renibus Therapeutics, Cook Research Incorporated, W.L. Gore Associates, Pfizer, Cellcolabs AB, AstraZeneca UK, Qu Biologics, Biotest AG, BioAge Labs, Congenica and Icosavax. The other authors declare no competing interests.
