Gu, Muxin
Zhang, Woody Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1671-4481
Fitzgerald, Rebecca C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3434-3568
Frankell, Alexander M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0341-7878
Vassiliou, George S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-8022
Funding for this research was provided by:
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (7035-24)
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (7035-24)
Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund
Wellcome Trust
Cancer Research UK (EDDCPJT\100010, C9685/A25117 and CTRQQR-2021\100012)
Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (7035-34)
Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (7035-24)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/W014122/1)
Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Competing interests
: G.S.V. is a consultant for STRM.BIO and Athernal Bio, and receives a research grant from AstraZeneca. R.C.F. is named on patents relating to Cytosponge and associated assays that have been licensed by the Medical Research Council to Covidien GI solutions (now Medtronic) and is a cofounder and shareholder (<2%) of Cyted. A.M.F. is a co-inventor on a patent application to determine methods and systems for tumor monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987). The other authors declare no competing interests.