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Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | MRC | Medical Research Foundation
RCUK | Medical Research Council
Novo Nordisk Fonden
Article History
Received: 18 April 2024
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 23 April 2026
Competing interests
: The 23andMe Research team members are employees of and hold stock or stock options in the company. S.B. reports ownerships in Intomics A/S, Hoba Therapeutics Aps, Novo Nordisk A/S, Lundbeck A/S and ALK abello A/S. G.T., U.T., K.S. and U.S. are employees of deCODE genetics/Amgen. M.I.M. serves on advisory panels for Pfizer and Novo Nordisk; has received honoraria from Pfizer, Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly; has received research funding from Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Sanofi Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Roche, Janssen, Takeda and Servier; and is now an employee of Genentech and a holder of Roche stock. J.L. has received consultancy fees from Danone, Metagenics, Titus Healthcare, Roche and Euroscreen. R.A. has received consultancy fees from Spruce Biosciences, Fortress Biotech, Rani Therapeutics, Core Access Surgical Technologies, Proera and May Health, and has equity in Arora Forge Advisors and Martin Imaging. M.O.G. has served on an advisory board for Nestle Health Science. B.C.F. has received fees and/or grant support during the last 4 years from the following organizations: Bain Capital, Controversies in Obstetrics & Gynecology & Infertility, Dutch Heart Foundation (Nederlandse Hartstichting), Elsevier, European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, Ferring, International Federation of Fertility Societies, London Women’s Clinic, Myovant, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW), Pantharei Bioscience, Partners Group, PregLem/Gideon Richter, Reproductive Biomedicine Online, Shieldler and UpToDate. T.D.S. is a cofounder and shareholder of Zoe. J.N.H. has equity in Camp4 Therapeutics. K.A.K. and J.R.B.P. are employees and shareholders of Insmed. J.R.B.P. receives research funding from GSK. Y.Z. was a UK University worker at GSK. J.A.V. has received royalties from AMH assays, paid to the institute/laboratory, with no personal financial gain. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.